STUCTURE

 

Materi: Adverb Clause Connectors

Skill 6 Adverb Clause Connectors

Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences:

         He is tired because he has been working so hard.

         Because he has been working so hard, he is
         tired.

In each of these examples, there are two clauses: he is tired and he has been working so hard. The clause he has been working so hard is an adverb clause that is introduced with the connector because. In the first example, the connector because comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example, the connector because comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence.

The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.

 

Example

________arrived at the library, he started to work immediately.

(A) The student
(B) When
(C) He
(D) After the student

 

In this example, you should recognize easily that the verb arrived needs a subject. There is also another clause, he started to work immediately. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb arrived, but you will no have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb arrived. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, student, for the verb, arrived, and there is a connector, after, to join the two clauses. The following chart lists common adverb connectors and the sentence patterns used with them. 

ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

TIME

CAUSE

CONDITION

CONTRAST

after      until
as          when
before   while
since      

because
since

if
whether

although
even though
though
while

S         V                   adverb connector      S           V
Matt   felt good           because                he       passed

adverb connector    S           V               S           V
   Because               Matt    passed       he     fell  good



Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).

    C    1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway. 

    I     2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.

 3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.

 4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.

 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.

 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.

 7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new house.

 8. Although the area is a dessert many plants bloom there in the springtime.

 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.

 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the small details will not cause problems.


Each of the following sentences contains more more than clause. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)

1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty. 

2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.

3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.

 

4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark. 

5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.

 

6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.

 

7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board 

 

8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must approved it.

 

9. Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the kitchen.

 

10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car  over.



Choose the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

1. A spacecraft is freed from friction _______ launched into space 

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: after it is

2. ________ with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for protection.

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: Lobsters blend

3.__________a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: While the shoulder is

4. A car has several sections with moving parts, _______ of those parts is essential

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: and good lubrication

6. ______ at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South America.

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: land bridge existed

7.______ mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-made materials.

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: Although the Empire State Building is

8. Pressure differences make the cardrum vibrate ______  the ear.

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: as sound waves enter

9. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope ______ as much as a million. 

Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: can magnify

10. If scientific estimates are accurate, _______ with the Earth about 20,000
years ago.
Mark 10.00 out of 10.00

The correct answer is: the Canon Diablo meteorite collided

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